var textForPages =["HIGH PERFORMANCE\u000ABUILDING MALAYSIA\u000AIssue #3, June 2025\u000A1","2\u000AEditorial\u000AIn this Issue\u000AWe are honored with the opportunity to showcase in this issue a high-rise\u000Aresidential building in Kuala Lumpur which demonstrated successful green\u000Adesigns, namely the Parc3 @ KL South condominium which has been certified\u000AGold under the GreenRE scheme for the Residential Category in 2023.\u000AThis building is an example of the burgeoning number of green buildings built in\u000AMalaysia. Fig. 1 below shows the increasing accumulating number of green\u000Abuildings in Malaysia from 2009 to 2022 1. In a recent posting by MIDA\u000A(https://www.mida.gov.my/mida-news/steady-increase-of-green-buildings/), it\u000Awas reported that Malaysia\u2019s Green Building Index (GBI) has reached a milestone\u000Aof 300 million square feet floor area of certified green buildings, involving 671\u000Aprojects, in December 2023. It is ASHRAE Malaysia Chapter\u2019s aspiration that our\u000Amembers will be encouraged to adopt green building technology in their designs\u000Aand contribute to this positive trend towards decarbonization in the built\u000Aenvironment.\u000AFig. 1: Accumulative of Green Building Development in Malaysia from 2009 to 2022\u000A1. Ha C. Y., Khoo T. J., Koo Z. Y., Current status of green building development in Malaysia, Progress in Energy &\u000AEnvironment, Vol. 25, 1-9 (2023)","3\u000AParc3: Iconic Design meets Natural Living\u000AParc3 @ KL South is a high-rise residential development\u000Acomprising a total of 46-storeys with 39 stories of service\u000Aresidences and 7 stories of car parking. Developed by Eupe\u000ACorporation Berhad, the building is located in Cheras at the\u000Aborder of the KL City Centre. It directly fronts the entry of the\u000ATaman Pudu Ulu Park. The building is also in close vicinity\u000Awith other amenities, as shown in the picture below. With\u000Aclose proximity to the Maluri LRT/MRT train station, the\u000Aresidents of Parc3 have easy access to public transportation\u000Awhich encourages green transport mobility.","4\u000AGreen Architectural Passive Design\u000AThe Parc3 building is designed based on the developer\u0027s Sustainability Plus\u000Astrategy which incorporates innovative design strategies that promote long term\u000Aenvironmental, physical and mental wellbeing. The orientation of the building is\u000Apurposefully done to maximize the vantage of greenery for the residents.\u000AArticulating the building form like a wave ribbon allows it to visually flow into the\u000A64-acres green park directly opposite. The units are also positioned in the North-\u000ASouth direction to avoid facing the hot afternoon (western) sun.\u000AParc3\u2019s wave-like structure\u000Amimics the fluidity of nature,\u000Aspecifically like a flow of air and\u000Awater, which integrates with the\u000Aexpanse of the park outside.\u000AThis connection is further\u000Acomplemented by the 3 internal\u000Aparks in the building (hence the\u000Aname Parc3), namely Central\u000APark (at Level 7, 7A and 8), Sky\u000APark (at Level 23 and 27) and\u000AMoonlight Deck (at Level 45),\u000Aand including a cascading\u000Aterrace of water and softscape\u000Aat the lower level, which accentuate the building\u2019s green design objectives.\u000APlants in the building are functional and selected to enhance\u000Abiodiversity and ecosystems and filter the air. The plants\u000Achosen are able to drive away pests while attracting local birds\u000Aand butterflies. Functional greens, via the My Home Garden\u000Aconcept, are also a key part of the landscape design. Herbs and\u000Avegetable gardens, with a QR code identification system, are\u000Aplanted to create community gardens in the building. Residents\u000Aare encouraged to participate in urban farming activities and\u000Aenjoy the benefits of farm-to-table harvest from the gardens.","5\u000AMoonlight Deck\u000ASky\u000APark\u000ACentral Deck\u000ACascading Gardens\u000AGlass-encased lattice structures, inspired by foliage and treehouses, are\u000Aintegrated into the building architecture to give a tree-top view of the parks below.\u000ASuspended over the terraces are cantilevered glass pods which house a gym,\u000Abusiness center and celebrity kitchen.","6\u000AGreenery at the Central Deck\u000AGreenery at the Sky Park\u000AView from the Moonlight Deck","7\u000AThe design of the external\u000Abuilding fa\u00E7ade is done to\u000Aminimize heat gain. The\u000Awindow-to-wall ratio (WWR) is\u000Akept low at 0.263. With a series\u000Aof overhangs, abutments, fins\u000Aand aluminum structure, the\u000Ashading coefficient on the\u000Awindows ranges between 0.67\u000Ato 0.96. This shading coefficient\u000Arequirement is less stringent on\u000Athe fa\u00E7ade facing the North-South orientation, which comprises 80% of the total\u000Awindow openings of the building. Tinted laminated glazing material is also used\u000Ato reflect and reduce solar heat gain through the windows. The U-value of the\u000Afenestration is determined to be between 4.95 and 5.79 W/m2K.\u000ASunset view from the Moonlight Deck","8\u000ATrue Cross Natural Ventilation\u000AThe key feature of the Parc3 building is the\u000Acentral atrium which goes all the way up the 46\u000Astories to the roof deck. As part of the\u000A\u0022Building That Breathes\u0022 concept, this\u000Afacilitates the creation of a vertical breezeway\u000Ato circulate the air by natural ventilation\u000Athrough the void in the building core. As a\u000Aresult, 80% of all corridors and lobbies are\u000Anaturally ventilated.\u000AAir is drawn in by Venturi effect from the\u000Asurroundings through the Cascading Gardens,\u000Acreated from the podium terracing of the 5-\u000Astorey car park, the Central Park and the Sky\u000APark. As the air passes through the lush\u000Agreenery, swimming pool and artificial\u000Awaterfall, it is cooled, providing a refreshing\u000Abreeze upwards through the building.\u000ACascading Gardens Looking up the void","9\u000AIconic sculpture\u000ATo create a common visual identity for the residents, the\u000AMeranti sculpture has been installed in the void space,\u000Ahanging from the roof down to the bottom. This 3D-\u000Asculpture has been recognized by the Malaysian Book of\u000ARecords as the tallest public art sculpture in a residential\u000Abuilding. It can be seen from the front door of residents in\u000Athe building.\u000ANatural daylighting\u000AWith the central atrium void, ample daylight enters from the roof into the building\u000Acore, which significantly reduces the lighting energy in the common areas. Large\u000Aglass frontage also allows bright daylight to illuminate the entrance lobby,\u000Agymnasium and business center, which provided a green wash to the interior\u000Aspaces from the surrounding park areas. The lower car park levels are also not\u000Aenclosed but opened to the outside surroundings, which brings in daylight and\u000Aventilation air. This reduces significantly the need for artificial lighting in the\u000Acommon areas. However, lighting is still required during nighttime or when the\u000Adaylight is dim, which is activated by light sensors and timer control. Energy\u000Aefficient LED light bulbs are used in this building.","10\u000ALobby 1\u000AACMV system\u000ADue to the passive cooling provided by natural ventilation through the central\u000Aatrium core, the cooling load required by the building is significantly reduced.\u000ATherefore, there is no necessity to provide air-conditioning to these common\u000Aspaces, which reduces energy consumption significantly. Hence, there is no need\u000Ato install a large chiller system to provide cooling. Nevertheless, air conditioning\u000Ais still required in some of the common spaces, e.g. the business center and\u000Agymnasium. Mechanical ventilation is also provided in the lobby and staircase to\u000Aensure pressurization as required by the Fire Department authorities (Bomba).","11\u000AWhere needed, the air-conditioning system employed in this\u000Abuilding is provided by single-split and multi-split inverter units.\u000ATo ensure high energy efficiency of the air-conditioning system,\u000Athe units must have Cooling Seasonal Performance Factor\u000A(CSPF) rating which qualifies for the highest 5-star energy\u000Aefficiency rating.\u000AIn general, the common areas are installed with single split inverter units which\u000Aare coupled with cassette or ducted indoor units. In each of the residence units,\u000Aboth single split and multi-split inverter units are installed, which are coupled with\u000Awall-mounted indoor units. The single split unit serves the Living Room while the\u000Amulti-split unit serves the three bedrooms. The benefits of the multi-split unit to\u000Asave energy can be realized from the\u000Acapability of reducing the compressor\u000Aspeed as the cooling load reduces in\u000Aresponse to fewer bedrooms in use. And,\u000Athe compressor speed reduces as the\u000Aactual room temperature drops,\u000Aapproaching the set temperature on the\u000Aremote controller in each bedroom.\u000AIn the example layout drawing of a\u000Aresidence unit shown, the two outdoor\u000Aunits are installed on the A/C ledge\u000Awhich discharge hot air with the rejected\u000Aheat from the condenser into the center void space. This is done for all the\u000Aresidence units, i.e., the outdoor condenser units are not visible on the external\u000Afa\u00E7ade of the building.\u000AOn alternate floor levels, the two A/C outdoor condenser units are installed on\u000Asemi-circular ledges next to the common corridor of the respective units. These\u000Aledges have been designed with a dual function to also act as seats for the\u000Aresidents, as seen in the following figure below. The top seat panels can be easily\u000Aremoved to provide access to the A/C units for maintenance purposes. This\u000Aarrangement allows hot air to be discharged into the same central void space.","12\u000AThe ledges are positioned off-set alternatingly to create an architectural zig-zag\u000Apattern up the central atrium.\u000AZig-zag A/C\u000Aledges\u000ASeats on the\u000AA/C ledge\u000AInnovative features in the building\u000AListed below are a few innovative technologies employed in Parc3:\u000A\uF0B7 A UV sterilization system for the swimming pool eliminates up to 90% of\u000Achlorine and nearly 100% of chlorine side effects. This reduces harsh\u000Achemicals to safe levels commonly found in drinking water, i.e. at 0.3 \u2013 0.5\u000Appm. It also reduces chlorine related problems such as burning eyes, skin\u000Airritations, odours and allergies. The reduction in chlorine usage reduces\u000Amaintenance costs.\u000A\uF0B7 All the passenger lifts come with self-regenerative drives to reduce the overall\u000Aenergy consumption of the elevator system.","13\u000A\uF0B7 From the perspective of renewable energy, the covered walkway to the Maluri\u000AMRT station is installed with solar powered lights with a 3-day battery backup.\u000A\uF0B7 Electric vehicle chargers are installed in the car park area to encourage\u000Aemission-free driving.\u000A\uF0B7 To ensure efficient usage of water in the building, 99.8% of the water fittings\u000Ahave water efficiency ratings with the Water Efficiency Products Labeling\u000AScheme (WEPLS) or Water Efficiency Labeling Scheme (WELS). The\u000Asanitary ware used is also with the same water saving fittings.\u000A\uF0B7 The rainwater collected from the rooftop and sky gardens is stored at the\u000Arainwater harvesting tank at Level 9. The rainwater is then channeled to the\u000Aground floor for landscape irrigation and used for washing the podium car\u000Apark. It does not go back into pipe water supplied for consumption and\u000Acooking / bathrooms.\u000AThe existing landscape within the building is already taking up 35% of the land\u000Aarea, well exceeding the minimum requirement of 10% stipulated by Dewan\u000ABandaraya Kuala Lumpur (DBKL). Nevertheless, additional effort has been made\u000Ato further extend the landscape of the development beyond the boundary of the\u000Aland to create more green spaces. The neighboring land, which is owned by DBKL\u000A(i.e., originally used as a dumpsite) was upgraded and landscaped as a public\u000Apark. This enhanced the entire area and further facilitated green connectivity to\u000Athe park, resulting in an even larger green lung for the vicinity.","14\u000AAwards\u000AWith a Residential Envelope\u000ATransmittance Value (RETV)# of 16.86\u000AW/m2 and a roof U-value of 0.250 W/m2K,\u000Athe Parc3 building was able to secure a\u000AGreenRE GOLD certification in 2023.\u000AThe building has also won a few awards\u000Aby the International Real Estate\u000AFederation (FIABCI), namely FIABCI Malaysia Property Awards 2023 for\u000AResidential (High Rise), and FIABCI World Prix d\u0027Excellence Awards 2024 Gold\u000AWinner under the High-Rise Residential category. The building is also recognized\u000Aby the online real estate group, PropertyGuru, who awarded Parc3 with several\u000Aawards in 2019 and 2022.\u000ANote #: The computation of RETV is based on the methodology specified in the Code on Envelope\u000AThermal Performance for Building issued by BCA, Singapore.","15\u000AFurther information about Parc3 can be obtained from this link:\u000Ahttps://eupe.com.my/property/parc3\u000AGreenRE Gold certificate awarded to the developer\u000Aof Parc3 building, Eupe Corporation Berhad,\u000Athrough its subsidiary Titian Sama Sdn Bhd.\u000A******************************************\u000ACollaborative research\u000ATo better understand the building\u2019s performance, two experts in the field of Built\u000AEnvironment were commissioned by the developer to conduct an independent\u000Astudy on two aspects of the Parc3 service residence:\u000A1) Thermal comfort in two residence units of the building which have different\u000Aorientation and height levels. This study is conducted with reference to two\u000Aanalysis methods defined in ASHRAE 55 Standard, i.e. the PMV-PPD\u000Amodel and the Adaptive Thermal Comfort model.\u000A2) Energy consumption and CO2 emission from one of the residence units in\u000Athe building. A comparison is made between the unit cooled by air-\u000Aconditioning system and with the unit naturally ventilated.\u000AThis research was conducted by Prof. Ar. Dr. Lim Chin Haw (UKM) and Assoc.\u000AProf. Dr. Allen Lau Khin Kiet (Taylor\u2019s University).","16\u000AIn the first study, two units in the Parc3 building were selected, i.e. A2 and C2:\u000AReferring to the floor plans above, unit A2 (indicated in red) is facing towards the\u000ASouth-West direction and Unit C2 (indicated in blue) faces towards the North-East\u000Adirection.","17\u000AThe thermal comfort study utilized quantitative research by using site\u000Ameasurements collected by two equipment, which were the Delta OHM and Hobo\u000Alogger, over a period of 14 days, starting from 21st March 2024, 12am to 3rd April\u000A2024, 12am. The selected days were the hottest across the year in Malaysia,\u000Abased on the data from Malaysian Meteorological Department (MMD). The data\u000Awere collected at intervals of every 5 minutes, resulting in a total of 4,032 sets of\u000Adata. The data collected was numerical and continuous, allowing for further\u000Astatistical analysis and visualization, and followed by thermal comfort modelling.\u000AThe following figures show the equipment location in the two Parc3 units. The red\u000Acircle indicates the HOBO logger location while the blue circle indicates the Delta\u000AOHM location.\u000AWith and Without fan conditions\u000ATwo HOBO loggers tied to\u000Athe yard\u2019s door.\u000AOne Delta OHM at the\u000Aliving room area.\u000ATwo HOBO loggers placed\u000Abehind the window.\u000AOne Delta OHM at the living\u000Aroom area.","18\u000AFrom 21st March to 24th March, the site measurement was conducted without the\u000Ause of a fan to assess natural airflow conditions. Subsequently, from 25th March\u000Ato 3rd April, the measurement continued with the inclusion of a fan to observe its\u000Aimpact on air circulation. This condition applies to both Level 20, unit A2 and Level\u000A32, unit C2.\u000AWithout fan With fan\u000ANote: There is no air-conditioning equipment used in either of the two units.\u000AA] PMV & PPD model\u000AIn this study, two parameters of thermal comfort have been studied:\u000ANo. Parameter Explanation Unit Limit\u000A1 PMV\u000A(Predicted Mean\u000AVote)\u000AThe PMV is an index that predicts the\u000Amean value of the thermal sensation of a\u000Agroup of people on a sensation scale\u000Aexpressed from (-3) to (+3)\u000Acorresponding to the categories cold,\u000Acool, slightly cool, neutral, slightly warm,\u000Awarm, and hot.\u000A- -3 to +3 :\u000AAccording to\u000AASHRAE 55\u000AStandard\u000A2 PPD\u000A(Percentage of\u000APeople\u000ADissatisfied)\u000AThe PPD is an index provides an\u000Aestimate of how many occupants in a\u000Aspace would feel dissatisfied by the\u000Athermal conditions.\u000A% Below 20% :\u000AAccording to\u000AASHRAE 55\u000AStandard","19\u000AThe ASHRAE 55 Standard provides an alternative formula for calculating the\u000APredicted Mean Vote (PMV) that differs slightly from the original PMV formula.\u000AThe formula based on ASHRAE 55 is as follows:\u000APMV = 0.3035 - 0.028 * M - 0.000013 * M 2 + 0.000487* M* (T_a - 100) + 0.0105\u000A*v_a 1.5 + f_cl [(t_cl - 35.0)/ (3.96 * 10 -8 *f_c* (t_s - t_cl) + 0.1) - 4.0] (1)\u000Awhere:\u000AM is the metabolic rate in met units\u000AT_a is the dry bulb air temperature in \u00B0C.\u000Av_a is the air velocity in m/s\u000Af_cl is the clothing insulation in clo units.\u000At_cl is the average surface temperature of the clothing in \u00B0C.\u000At_s is the mean radiant temperature in \u00B0C.\u000Af_c is the convective heat exchange coefficient in W/(m2K)\u000AThe ASHRAE 55 formula includes a convective heat exchange coefficient and\u000Aallows for a variable clothing insulation value based on the surface temperature\u000Aof the clothing. The resulting PMV values range from -3 (cold) to +3 (hot), with 0\u000Aindicating thermal neutrality.","20\u000AThe Percentage of People Dissatisfied (PPD) equation is derived from PMV\u000Areadings. The PPD equation is as follows:\u000APPD = 100 - 95.0 exp [-(0.03353 PMV + 0.2179 PMV\u00B2)] (2)\u000AThe relationship between PMV and PPD is shown in the following graph:\u000AThe PMV axis (horizontal) represents the Predicted Mean Vote, which is a\u000Anumerical scale indicating the average thermal sensation of occupants in each\u000Aenvironment. The PMV scale typically ranges from -3 to +3, where:\u000A\u2022 Negative values (e.g., -1, -2) indicate a feeling of coldness.\u000A\u2022 Zero represents a neutral thermal sensation.\u000A\u2022 Positive values (e.g., +1, +2) indicate a feeling of warmth or hotness.\u000AThe PPD axis (vertical) represents the Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied,\u000Awhich is the percentage of occupants who are likely to feel dissatisfied or\u000Auncomfortable with the thermal conditions. The PPD scale typically ranges from\u000A0% to 100%, where:\u000A\u2022 A PPD of 0% indicates that almost all occupants are thermally comfortable.\u000A\u2022 Higher PPD values (e.g., 10%, 20%, 30%) indicate increasing levels of\u000Adissatisfaction among occupants.\u000AThe curve on the PMV-PPD graph represents different levels of PPD for specific\u000APMV values. This curve helps to delineate the boundaries of the comfort zone\u000Awhere most occupants are expected to feel comfortable.","21\u000AB] Adaptive Thermal Comfort model\u000AOperative temperature\u000AThe operative temperature (also known as the resultant temperature or dry\u000Aresultant temperature but renamed to align with ASHRAE and ISO standards) is\u000Aa simplified measure of human thermal comfort derived from air temperature,\u000Amean radiant temperature and air speed. It can be used in assessing the likely\u000Athermal comfort of the occupants in a building.\u000AActual thermal comfort is dependent on environmental factors, such as air\u000Atemperature, air velocity, relative humidity, and the uniformity of conditions, as\u000Awell as personal factors such as clothing, metabolic heat, acclimatization, state of\u000Ahealth, expectations, and even access to food and drink. However, as empirical\u000Afits to these variables are very complex (e.g. like the Predicted Mean Vote), a\u000Asimpler measure can be more useful in practice.\u000AThe operative temperature is defined as:\u000AOperative temperature = (tr + (ta x \u221A10v)) / (1+\u221A10v) where,\u000Ata = air temperature (oC)\u000Atr = mean radiant temperature (oC)\u000Av = air speed (m/s)\u000A(3)\u000AWhen the air speed is less than 0.1m/s, (as is typical in buildings), the radiative\u000Aand convective heat transfers may be taken as similar, and the equation can be\u000Asimplified to:\u000AOperative temperature = (ta + tr)/2 (4)\u000AThe data are then plotted onto the following graph to determine its predicted\u000Acomfort level.","22\u000AThe results of the two thermal comfort modelling are shown in the following\u000Agraphs. The plots are made with the mean hourly data (from 12am to 11.59pm)\u000Aobtained during the experiment duration. But the following graphs are presented\u000Afor specific dates, representing the situation of without fan (23rd March 2024) and\u000Awith fan (1st April 2024).","23\u000AA] PMV-PPD model\u000AWithout fan PMV-PPD plot\u000AUnit A2, Level\u000A20\u000ARange of PMV: 1.65 to 2.47 (warm)\u000ARange of PPD: 58.93% to 92.75%\u000AUnit C2, Level\u000A32\u000ARange of PMV: 1.11 to 2.44 (slightly warm > warm)\u000ARange of PPD: 31.34% to 92.04%","24\u000AWith fan PMV-PPD plot\u000AUnit A2, Level\u000A20\u000ARange of PMV: 0.94 to 1.80 (slightly warm)\u000ARange of PPD: 23.67% to 67.05%\u000AUnit C2, Level\u000A32\u000ARange of PMV: 1.18 to 1.95 (slightly warm > warm)\u000ARange of PPD: 34.63% to 74.37%","25\u000AB] Adaptive Thermal Comfort model\u000AWithout fan Adaptive thermal chart\u000AUnit A2, Level\u000A20\u000AUnit C2, Level\u000A32","26\u000AWith fan Adaptive thermal chart\u000AUnit A2, Level\u000A20\u000AUnit C2, Level\u000A32\u000AThis study is using two different models (PMV-PPD, Adaptive comfort model) to\u000Aconduct an in-depth analysis for two different types of residential units in the\u000AParc3 condominium based on ASHRAE Standard 55. In general, the outcome of\u000Athe data for Unit A2, Level 20 and Unit C2, Level 32 is varied due to the following\u000Areasons:\u000A\u2022 Wind Direction influence: Given the prevailing wind predominantly\u000Aoriginates from the North side with a wind speed ranging between 3-6m/s, it is\u000Aevident that Unit C2, oriented towards the North-East direction, will experience a\u000Ahigher wind impact compared to Unit A2, which faces the South-West direction.","27\u000A\u2022 Orientation and adjacent building: Unit C2 faces Taman Pudu Ulu without\u000Aobstructions, allowing natural wind flow. Conversely, Unit A2 faces a residential\u000Aarea with M Vertica Gate 2, altering wind patterns and reducing air velocity for\u000AUnit A2.\u000A\u2022 Sun Exposure variance: Due to orientation differences, Unit A2 (South-\u000AWest) receives more heat during evening hours, while Unit C2 (North-East)\u000Aabsorbs more heat in the morning. This leads to distinct temperature peaks\u000Aindoors and outdoors.\u000A\u2022 Impact of floor level: Unit A2 at Level 20 and Unit C2 at Level 32 experience\u000Avarying environmental conditions. Higher floors like C2 often encounter stronger\u000Awinds, influencing air movement and thermal comfort dynamics.\u000AThe PMV-PPD plots indicate that both units (without air-conditioning) have a\u000Aslightly warm to warm thermal comfort sensation, with high percentages of\u000Aoccupants being dissatisfied. A fan helps to alleviate this situation by providing air\u000Amovement in the room, thereby reducing the PMV to slightly warm and reducing\u000Athe PPD percentage of dissatisfaction. The higher unit level, without fan, also\u000Ashows a lower PMV-PPD, which indicates a slightly better thermal comfort\u000Acondition. With the Adaptive Thermal Comfort model, the data indicates at the\u000Aboundary of 80% thermal comfort acceptance (without fan). This improves to 90%\u000Aacceptance with a fan circulating the air in the room. With this model, there is no\u000Asignificant difference due to the unit height levels.\u000AThe PMV-PPD analysis is designed for air conditioning rooms which quantify the\u000Aoverall thermal comfort based on factors like air temperature, humidity, air\u000Avelocity, and clothing insulation. On the other hand, the adaptive model is more\u000Asuitable for naturally ventilated spaces as it considers factors such as outdoor\u000Aclimate, indoor airflow patterns, and occupant activities to assess thermal\u000Acomfort. This distinction is important because different models cater to different\u000Aenvironmental conditions. In this study, the PMV-PPD analysis, which is tailored\u000Afor air-conditioned spaces, helps explain why both units are not meeting the\u000Arequired standards, given the case of only natural ventilation.","28\u000AHowever, employing the Adaptive model, which is suitable for naturally ventilated\u000Aenvironments, shows that both units achieve sufficient thermal comfort within this\u000Aframework. Both models are aligned with the ASHRAE 55 Standard, indicating\u000Athat the study results meet this established benchmark.\u000AFor the second study, Unit A2 (592 ft2 )at Level 20 is used as the model in the\u000Aenergy simulation. The SEFAIRA software is used in this study. The inputs\u000Arequired for this simulation include the weather data of Kuala Lumpur, especially\u000Athe annual dry and wet-bulb temperatures, the sun path diagram of Kuala Lumpur,\u000Abuilding envelope information, ACMV operation schedule and set temperature.\u000AThe average monthly energy simulated by the software is verified by comparing\u000Awith the actual average monthly electricity bill from the utilities company, Tenaga\u000ANational Berhad (TNB). The percentage of simulation error vs. the actual data is\u000Aat 3.38% which is acceptable.","29\u000AThe simulation is then\u000Aperformed with the air-\u000Aconditioning system running\u000Ain the unit and with only\u000Anatural ventilation (i.e.\u000Awithout air-conditioning). The\u000Aresults are as shown in the\u000Afollowing graph.\u000AThe cumulative annual total energy\u000Aconsumption is therefore plotted as\u000Ashown here. It is obvious that the\u000Aenergy consumption due to the\u000AACMV system is significantly\u000Ahigher by 60%.","30\u000ABy using a conversion factor of approximately 0.741 kgCO2e per kWh of electrical\u000Aenergy, the monthly equivalent carbon dioxide emission from the unit is\u000Acalculated. This is shown in the following graph, together with the corresponding\u000Atotal annual carbon emission. A similar 60% reduction in carbon emissions from\u000A3538 kgCO2e to 1400 kgCO2e is seen from the simulation. When seen on a larger\u000Ascale, with 793 units in Parc3, that would equate to approximately 1,695,434\u000AkgCO2e of carbon reduced annually from Net Saleable Area alone.\u000AThe results show the importance of mitigating the energy consumption of the air-\u000Aconditioning system in a building through implementing a range of design and\u000Aorientation features which Parc3 exemplifies. Air conditioning use is one of the\u000Abiggest contributors to the amount of greenhouse gas emissions released over a\u000Abuilding\u0027s life span. Building owners should look into ways to reduce, or if\u000Apossible, eliminate the operation of the air-conditioning equipment, both to\u000Aconserve energy and reduce the carbon footprint of buildings.","31\u000AEupe Corporation believes\u000Aincorporating passive cooling\u000Astrategies at the planning stage\u000Awill be the largest contributor in\u000Acarbon reductions in the long\u000Aterm. It plans to use the results\u000Aof these studies as a benchmark\u000Ato simulate better natural\u000Aventilation for its future pre-\u000Aconstruction designs."];